{
  "schema_version": "1.0.0",
  "ticker": "RIO",
  "company_name": "Rio Tinto Limited",
  "cutoff_date": "2026-10-31",
  "reviewed_at": "2026-10-31",
  "coverage_note": "Rio Tinto Limited’s Australian registered accounts at 5 February 2026, with separately dated substantial notices. Rio Tinto plc is a separate share class within the dual-listed structure.",
  "register": {
    "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
    "issued_shares": 371346214,
    "source_ids": [
      "annual"
    ],
    "holders": [
      {
        "holder_id": "register-01",
        "name": "HSBC Custody Nominees (Australia) Limited",
        "classification": "nominee_custodian",
        "shares": 94540269,
        "percentage": 25.46,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": [
          "Registered account; beneficial owner is not inferred."
        ]
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-02",
        "name": "Citicorp Nominees Pty Ltd",
        "classification": "nominee_custodian",
        "shares": 65380821,
        "percentage": 17.61,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": [
          "Registered account; beneficial owner is not inferred."
        ]
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-03",
        "name": "J. P. Morgan Nominees Australia Pty Limited",
        "classification": "nominee_custodian",
        "shares": 56225999,
        "percentage": 15.14,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": [
          "Registered account; beneficial owner is not inferred."
        ]
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-04",
        "name": "BNP Paribas Noms Pty Ltd",
        "classification": "nominee_custodian",
        "shares": 11634065,
        "percentage": 3.13,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": [
          "Registered account; beneficial owner is not inferred."
        ]
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-05",
        "name": "BNP Paribas Nominees Pty Ltd (Agency Lending A/C)",
        "classification": "nominee_custodian",
        "shares": 8155483,
        "percentage": 2.2,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": [
          "Registered account; beneficial owner is not inferred."
        ]
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-06",
        "name": "BNP Paribas Nominees Pty Ltd Hub24 Custodial Serv Ltd",
        "classification": "nominee_custodian",
        "shares": 3082967,
        "percentage": 0.83,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": [
          "Registered account; beneficial owner is not inferred."
        ]
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-07",
        "name": "Citicorp Nominees Pty Limited (Colonial First State Inv A/C)",
        "classification": "nominee_custodian",
        "shares": 3046663,
        "percentage": 0.82,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": [
          "Registered account; beneficial owner is not inferred."
        ]
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-08",
        "name": "HSBC Custody Nominees (Australia) Limited (NT-Comnwlth Super Corp A/C)",
        "classification": "nominee_custodian",
        "shares": 2635917,
        "percentage": 0.71,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": [
          "Registered account; beneficial owner is not inferred."
        ]
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-09",
        "name": "Argo Investments Limited",
        "classification": "direct_holder",
        "shares": 2345139,
        "percentage": 0.63,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": []
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-10",
        "name": "Netwealth Investments Limited (WRAP Services A/C)",
        "classification": "nominee_custodian",
        "shares": 2246987,
        "percentage": 0.61,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": [
          "Registered account; beneficial owner is not inferred."
        ]
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-11",
        "name": "Australian Foundation Investment Company Limited",
        "classification": "direct_holder",
        "shares": 2064553,
        "percentage": 0.56,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": []
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-12",
        "name": "BNP Paribas Nominees Pty Ltd (Clearstream)",
        "classification": "nominee_custodian",
        "shares": 1961230,
        "percentage": 0.53,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": [
          "Registered account; beneficial owner is not inferred."
        ]
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-13",
        "name": "Mutual Trust Pty Ltd",
        "classification": "direct_holder",
        "shares": 1558248,
        "percentage": 0.42,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": []
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-14",
        "name": "CGU Insurance",
        "classification": "direct_holder",
        "shares": 1060864,
        "percentage": 0.29,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": []
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-15",
        "name": "BNP Paribas Noms (NZ) Ltd",
        "classification": "nominee_custodian",
        "shares": 998941,
        "percentage": 0.27,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": [
          "Registered account; beneficial owner is not inferred."
        ]
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-16",
        "name": "Peter & Lyndy White Foundation Pty Ltd (P & L White Foundation A/C)",
        "classification": "direct_holder",
        "shares": 810542,
        "percentage": 0.22,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": []
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-17",
        "name": "Netwealth Investments Limited (Super Services A/C)",
        "classification": "nominee_custodian",
        "shares": 672271,
        "percentage": 0.18,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": [
          "Registered account; beneficial owner is not inferred."
        ]
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-18",
        "name": "Citicorp Nominees Pty Limited (143212 NMMT Ltd A/C)",
        "classification": "nominee_custodian",
        "shares": 595905,
        "percentage": 0.16,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": [
          "Registered account; beneficial owner is not inferred."
        ]
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-19",
        "name": "BNP Paribas Noms Pty Ltd (Global Markets)",
        "classification": "nominee_custodian",
        "shares": 582432,
        "percentage": 0.16,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": [
          "Registered account; beneficial owner is not inferred."
        ]
      },
      {
        "holder_id": "register-20",
        "name": "IOOF Investment Services Limited (IPS Superfund A/C)",
        "classification": "nominee_custodian",
        "shares": 579403,
        "percentage": 0.16,
        "percentage_basis": "issued_shares",
        "as_of_date": "2026-02-05",
        "investor_id": null,
        "identity_note": null,
        "source_ids": [
          "annual"
        ],
        "notes": [
          "Registered account; beneficial owner is not inferred."
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "substantial_holders": [
    {
      "holder_id": "state",
      "name": "State Street Corporation and subsidiaries",
      "classification": "reporting_group",
      "shares": 32091198,
      "percentage": 8.63,
      "percentage_basis": "voting_power",
      "as_of_date": "2026-06-26",
      "investor_id": null,
      "identity_note": null,
      "source_ids": [
        "state"
      ],
      "notes": [
        "Relevant interests include custodial and securities-lending activity, and may overlap other groups."
      ],
      "caveat": "Historical disclosure; current position may differ."
    },
    {
      "holder_id": "vanguard",
      "name": "Vanguard Group",
      "classification": "reporting_group",
      "shares": 26128644,
      "percentage": 7.027,
      "percentage_basis": "voting_power",
      "as_of_date": "2026-04-30",
      "investor_id": null,
      "identity_note": null,
      "source_ids": [
        "vanguard"
      ],
      "notes": [
        "This is the Australian Rio Tinto Limited class, not the separate Rio Tinto plc class."
      ],
      "caveat": "Historical disclosure; current position may differ."
    },
    {
      "holder_id": "blackrock",
      "name": "BlackRock, Inc.",
      "classification": "reporting_group",
      "shares": 24991523,
      "percentage": 6.7,
      "percentage_basis": "voting_power",
      "as_of_date": "2023-12-31",
      "investor_id": null,
      "identity_note": null,
      "source_ids": [
        "annual"
      ],
      "notes": [
        "The annual report cites this historic SEC disclosure for Rio Tinto Limited; later positions may have changed."
      ],
      "caveat": "Historical disclosure; current position may differ."
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "source_id": "annual",
      "title": "Rio Tinto 2025 Annual Report",
      "publisher": "Rio Tinto via ASX",
      "url": "https://asx.api.markitdigital.com/asx-research/1.0/file/2924-03058600-3A687515",
      "publication_date": "2026-02-19",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-31",
      "locator": "downloads/RIO/2026/2026-02-19_2025 Annual Report_9fffa004b7ffb08b.pdf, PDF pages 339–340",
      "detail": "Rio Tinto Limited top-20 register as of 5 February 2026 and historical SEC disclosure."
    },
    {
      "source_id": "state",
      "title": "State Street change in substantial holding",
      "publisher": "State Street via ASX",
      "url": "https://asx.api.markitdigital.com/asx-research/1.0/file/2924-03105817-3A696298",
      "publication_date": "2026-06-30",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-31",
      "locator": "downloads/RIO/2026/2026-06-30_Change in substantial holding_74b499ec42fc80d6.pdf, page 1, visually reviewed",
      "detail": "32,091,198 votes and 8.63% voting power on 26 June 2026."
    },
    {
      "source_id": "vanguard",
      "title": "Vanguard change in substantial holding",
      "publisher": "Vanguard Group via ASX",
      "url": "https://asx.api.markitdigital.com/asx-research/1.0/file/2924-03086951-3A692741",
      "publication_date": "2026-05-06",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-31",
      "locator": "downloads/RIO/2026/2026-05-06_Change in substantial holding_c4a291c691fb1ab6.pdf, page 1",
      "detail": "26,128,644 Rio Tinto Limited shares and 7.027% voting power on 30 April 2026."
    },
    {
      "source_id": "jp-ceased",
      "title": "JPMorgan ceasing to be a substantial holder",
      "publisher": "JPMorgan Chase via ASX",
      "url": "https://asx.api.markitdigital.com/asx-research/1.0/file/2924-03145787-3A703575",
      "publication_date": "2026-10-08",
      "accessed_date": "2026-10-31",
      "locator": "downloads/RIO/2026/2026-10-08_Ceasing to be a substantial holder_65d5afa37f7fa325.pdf, page 1",
      "detail": "JPMorgan ceased substantial status on 5 October 2026; no zero holding is inferred."
    }
  ],
  "limitations": [
    "The separate Rio Tinto plc register and plc ordinary-share holdings are not included in this Rio Tinto Limited snapshot.",
    "JPMorgan ceased substantial status on 5 October 2026; its later cessation supersedes an earlier entry and does not establish zero ownership.",
    "BlackRock’s identified SEC position is as of December 2023; newer issuer or SEC filings may supersede it.",
    "State Street relevant interest can include lending or custody and can overlap other groups.",
    "Registered nominee accounts do not identify beneficial owners and may overlap group interests; do not sum the two views."
  ]
}